AI in Healthcare: Opportunities & Challenges

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become the most influential advancement in healthcare, marking the fourth medical industrial revolution after antibiotics and imaging. This course provides a comprehensive framework for understanding how AI optimizes clinical decisions through complex data analytics. Regarding opportunities, the curriculum explores how AI moves beyond "one-size-fits-all" care toward preventive care and precision medicine. Students will learn to integrate multi-dimensional data—genotype, phenotype, environment, and behavior—using real-world examples like Taiwan’s “My Health Bank” and liver cancer prediction. We also cover cutting-edge applications such as reinforcement learning, AR-assisted surgery, and Large Language Models (LLMs) within the smart clinic ecosystem. The course also addresses critical challenges, analyzing how a lack of semantic interoperability and inherent machine bias in "black box" algorithms impact ethics and patient safety. Highlighting that medicine is far riskier than video games, we position AI as Augmented Assisted Natural Intelligence (ANI) designed to correct human error. Ultimately, participants will reflect on clinical wisdom, learning to “unlearn and relearn” to become ideal clinicians who balance technological mastery with human empathy.